Multi-hazard risk scenarios are gaining increasing attention in disaster risk modeling, especially in regions where primary events—such as earthquakes—can trigger cascading hazards like tsunamis, landslides, or coastal flooding. A major challenge in this context lies in the limited availability of empirical damage and loss data for secondary hazards, particularly tsunamis.
This study presents a methodology to construct tsunami-specific consequence functions by leveraging existing seismic loss data and integrating them with engineering-based damage classifications tailored to tsunami effects. The approach relies on identifying consistent damage state correlations between seismic and tsunami actions, enabling the estimation of realistic repair cost ratios even in the absence of historical tsunami data. Tsunami-specific parameters—such as inundation depth and the concentration of structural impacts at lower stories—are incorporated to refine the loss estimation.
The resulting framework allows the development of loss scenarios at territorial scale, supporting probabilistic risk assessments and emergency planning in multi-hazard environments. By bridging seismic and tsunami risk modeling, the proposed methodology contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of cascading events and enhances preparedness strategies in exposed regions.